Aristotle

Ancient Greek philosopher, logician, and polymath who founded the study of formal logic and identified key logical fallacies

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Bastiat, Frédéric

French economist, writer and prominent member of the French liberal school

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The Bible

The sacred scripture of Judaism and Christianity, comprising the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament. Its ethical and legal texts — including the Te...

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Brague, Rémi

French philosopher, member of the Académie française, specialist in medieval philosophy and the philosophy of culture; known for his analysis of Eu...

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Cantillon, Richard

Irish-French economist and author of Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en Général, pioneer in economic theory

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Constant, Benjamin

Swiss-French political thinker, writer, and politician, key figure in classical liberalism and defender of individual liberty

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Deutsch, David

British physicist and pioneer in quantum computation, known for his work on the theory of knowledge and optimism

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Friedman, Milton

American economist and statistician, Nobel laureate in Economics (1976), leading advocate of free-market capitalism and monetarism

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Hayek, Friedrich

Austrian-British economist and philosopher, Nobel laureate in Economics (1974), key figure in Austrian School of economics

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Hazlitt, Henry

American journalist, economist and author, famous for Economics in One Lesson, advocate of the Austrian School

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Hoppe, Hans-Hermann

German-American economist and political theorist, student of Murray Rothbard, known for his work on private property and anarcho-capitalism

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Hülsmann, Jörg Guido

German economist and Professor at the University of Angers, specialist in Austrian economics and monetary theory

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Jevons, William Stanley

English economist and logician, pioneer of the marginal utility theory and author of The Coal Question, in which he identified the paradox of incre...

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Kahneman, Daniel

Israeli-American psychologist and economist, Nobel laureate in Economics (2002), pioneer in behavioral economics and cognitive biases

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Keynes, John Maynard

British economist whose ideas fundamentally changed macroeconomics, known for advocating government intervention during economic downturns

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Kirk, Charlie

American conservative activist, founder of Turning Point USA, advocate for free markets and limited government

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Laffer, Arthur

American economist, creator of the Laffer Curve, influential in supply-side economics and tax policy

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Locke, John

English philosopher and physician, key figure of the Enlightenment, foundational thinker on natural rights and government by consent

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Malraux, André

French novelist, art theorist, adventurer, and statesman, author of Man's Fate (1933), and Minister of Cultural Affairs under de Gaulle. In 1956 he...

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Menger, Carl

Austrian economist and founder of the Austrian School of Economics, pioneer of marginal utility theory and subjective value theory

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von Mises, Ludwig

Austrian-American economist, founder of the Austrian School of economics, known for his work on economic calculation and praxeology

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Molina, Luis de

Jesuit theologian and one of the most systematic economic thinkers of the School of Salamanca. In De Iustitia et Iure (1593), Molina articulated a ...

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Montesquieu, Charles-Louis

French political philosopher, famous for his theory of separation of powers, major influence on constitutional thought

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Nakamoto, Satoshi

Pseudonymous creator of Bitcoin, the first decentralized cryptocurrency. Published the Bitcoin whitepaper in 2008 and mined the genesis block in 20...

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Nozick, Robert

American philosopher, author of Anarchy, State, and Utopia, key defender of libertarian political philosophy and the minimal state

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Oresme, Nicole

French philosopher and economist, bishop of Lisieux, early critic of currency debasement and pioneer in economic thought

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Popper, Karl

Austrian-British philosopher of science, known for his work on falsificationism and his critique of totalitarianism in The Open Society

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Rand, Ayn

Russian-American writer and philosopher, founder of Objectivism, defender of rational egoism and laissez-faire capitalism

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Read, Leonard

American libertarian philosopher and author, founder of the Foundation for Economic Education, famous for his essay 'I, Pencil'

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Renan, Ernest

French philologist, philosopher, and historian of religion, known for his seminal works on early Christianity and his 1883 lecture Islam and Scienc...

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Rockwell, Norman

American painter and illustrator, famous for depicting American life and values, created the Four Freedoms series

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Rothbard, Murray

American economist and political theorist, leading figure in the Austrian School and anarcho-capitalism, founder of modern libertarianism

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Smith, Adam

Scottish economist and philosopher, father of modern economics, author of The Wealth of Nations and The Theory of Moral Sentiments

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Soto, Domingo de

Dominican friar, confessor to Emperor Charles V, and professor at the University of Salamanca. His monumental De Iustitia et Iure (1553) is a found...

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Sowell, Thomas

American economist, social theorist and senior fellow at Stanford's Hoover Institution, known for his work in economic theory and social policy

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Tocqueville, Alexis de

French political philosopher and historian, author of Democracy in America (1835-1840), renowned for his analysis of American democracy and warning...

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Vitoria, Francisco de

Dominican friar and theologian at the University of Salamanca, widely regarded as the founder of international law and a pioneer of natural rights ...

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